2023-10-28
History of Medicine & Science in Transfusion
Pääbo: Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for discoveries concerning genomes of extinct hominins & human evolution.
1st vaccine for SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19) released. Alter, Houghton & Rice: Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for discovery of Hepatitis C virus. Charpentier & Doudna:…
Ratcliffe, Kaelin & Semenza: Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for discovered of cellular mechanisms for sensing & adapting to low oxygen…
Allison & Honjo: Nobel Prize in Physiology/ Medicine for identification of programmed cell death protein 1 & cancer therapy by…
Sauvage, Stoddart & Feringa: Nobel Prize in Chemistry for design & synthesis of molecular machines in cellular autophagy.
Lindahl, Modrich & Sancar: Nobel Prize in Chemistry for mechanistic studies of DNA repair.
Betzig, Hell & Moerner: Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy.
Gurdon: Nobel Prize for Physiology/Medicine for discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent. Lefkowitz & Kobilka: Nobel…
Hoffmann, Beutler & Steinman: Nobel Prize for Physiology/Medicine for discoveries of activation of innate immunity in Drosophila & the dendritic…
Edwards: Nobel Prize in Medicine/Physiology for development of in vitro fertilization (IVF).
Blackburn, Greider & Szostak: Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for discovery of how telomeres protect chromosomes & the enzyme telomerase. Ramakrishnan,…
Barré-Sinoussi & Montagnier: Noble Prize in Physiology/Medicine for discovery of HIV. Hausen: Noble Prize in Physiology/Medicine for establishing link between…
Scientists use human skin cells to create embryonic stem cells. Smithies: Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for introducing specific gene modifications…
Fire & Mello: Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for discovery of fundamental mechanism of gene regulation/silencing by dsRNA. Kornberg: Nobel Prize…
Having commence in 1879, print Index Medicus ceases publication. Australians Marshall & Warren: Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for discovery of bacterium Helicobacter pylori &…
Lauterbur & Mansfield: Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (pictured). Agre: Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovery…
Nucleic acid test (NAT) for HIV released (pictured). Brenner, Horvitz & Sulston Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for discoveries of genetic regulation of organ development and…
Hartwell, Nurse & Hunt: Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for discovery of protein molecules controlling cell division.
Thomson derives 1st human embryonic stem cell line. Engineered stem cells from human skin cells are derived in 2007 (pictured). Furchgott:…
PubMed 1st launched, allowing MEDLINE access via world-wide web. Prusiner: Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for discovery of Prions – a new…
Dolly the sheep 1st mammal cloned from an adult cell (she dies in 2003). Doherty & Zinkernagel: Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine…
Lewis & Nüsslein-Volhard: Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for discovery of genetic control in early embryonic development & biology.
Svesson & Dahlback describe activated Protein-C resistance. 1st release of rhTPO (pictured TPO purification).
Discovery of CRISPR & its function. Cochrane Collaboration, is founded under the leadership of Iain Chalmers, developed in response to Archie Cochrane’s call for up-to-date,…
1st Hepatitis A vaccine. Evidence-based Medicine movement begins in Canada: Guyatt et al. Evidence-Based Medicine: A New Approach to Teaching the…
Term ‘evidence-based-medicine’ 1st proposed with some controversy over its attribution: Eddy or Guyatt. Guyatt G. (Evidence-based medicine. ACP Journal Club. 1991;114(2):…
Hubble Space Telescope launched. Murray & Donnall-Thomas Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for discoveries concerning organ & cell transplantation in the…
US FDA approves use of rhEPO (pictured). Handyside 1st describes pre-implantation genetic diagnosis. Fodor uses 1st DNA microarray. Bishop & Varmus: Nobel Prize in…
Very High-Speed Genome Sorting 1st described. Mühe reports 1st laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Filgrastim (rh-G-CSF) developed by Amgen. US FDA approves 1st statin for use. Tonegawa: Nobel Prize Noble…
1st human clinical trial of rEPO shows efficacy in CRF patients with severe anaemia. Eli Lilly launches selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class antidepressant fluoxetine…
Amgen with Columbia University secures patent for production of rEPO in mammalian cells. Kaushansky et al (University of Washington) clone & identify thrombopoietin gene, paving the way for therapy. Mullis optimises polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enabling…
1st frozen embryo birth. Jerne, Köhler & Milstein: Noble Prize in Physiology/Medicine for theories of specificity, development & control of immune…
January: NEJM Editorial recommends haemophiliacs be treated with cryoprecipitate (pictured). May: Montagnier et al isolate new retrovirus (LAV) believed to…
CDC 1st uses term ‘acquired immune deficiency syndrome’ (AIDS) on 24 September, 1982. William DeVries implants Jarvik-7 artificial heart into Barney…
CDC 1st reports Pneumocystis Pneumonia infection, subsequently defined as an AIDS defining illness, on 5 June 1981. 1st vaccine for Hepatitis B.
WHO announces smallpox is eradicated, the last fatal case of smallpox being reported in 1978. Blumberg develops Hepatitis B diagnostic test (pictured)….
Hitchings & Elion design antiviral drugs. Cormack & Hounsfield: Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for work on X-ray computed tomography (CT…
Thomas & Christoph Cremer develop confocal laser scanning microscope (pictured). 1st ‘test-tube’ baby born in the UK (IVF). Arber, Smith &…
1st vaccine for pneumonia. Guillemin, Schally & Yallow: Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for development of radioimmunoassays for peptides of hypothalmic hormones. Human erythropoietin…
1st commercial PET scanner marketed. Blumberg & Gajdusek: Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for discovering new mechanisms for origin & dissemination of…
Baltimore, Dulbecco & Temin: Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for discoveries concerning interaction between tumour viruses & cellular genetic material.
Becton Dickinson licenses FACS technology & markets 1st commercial FACS cytometer (FACS-1). 1st vaccine for Chickenpox. Claude, de Duve & Palade: Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for discoveries…
Cochrane’s book Effectiveness and Efficiency : Random Reflections on Health Services published by the Nuffield Foundation is regarded as the harbinger for the Evidence Based Medicine movement & the Cochrane…
Herzberg: Nobel Prize in Chemistry or contributions to knowledge of electronic structure & geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals. Damadian…
Coulter cell counting becomes commercially available. 1st vaccine for Rubella. 1st effective immunosuppressive drug, Cyclosporine, used in organ transplants (pictured).
Luria, Hershey & Delbrück: Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for discovering replication mechanism & genetic structure of viruses. Thomas Fogarty describes use of Balloon Catheter.
Wolfgang Göhde develops 1st fluorescence-based flow cytometer. Alejandro Zaffaron describes controlled drug delivery. Holley, Khorana & Nirenberg: Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for interpretation of the genetic code…
Rene Favaloro performs 1st saphenous vein coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Christiaan Barnard performs 1st successful human-to-human heart transplant. 1st vaccine for mumps.
Bradley & Metcalf report in vitro culture of mouse bone marrow cells Rous & Huggins: Nobel Prize in Medicine for discovery of tumour-inducing viruses – RousSarcoma Virus.
Egeberg describes Familial Antithrombin III deficiency. Jacob, Lwoff & Monod: Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme & virus synthesis. Freireich et al describe…
Fulwyler develops 1st particle separator. Starzl performs 1st successful liver transplant. Sternbach discovers Diazepam (Valium). Eccles, Hodgkin & Huxley: Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for discoveries concerning ionic mechanisms involved in excitation & inhibition in the peripheral & central nerve cell…
Jacobson & Simmons. Radiology. 1960;75: 6-10. Comparison of the effects of isologous, homologous, and heterologous hematopoietic tissues on post-irradiation survival. Herbert develops megaloblastic anaemia 4 months after commencing a severely folate-deficient diet. Charnley reports 1st successful hip replacement….
Macfarlane Burnet & Medawar win Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance (pictured). The laser is invented. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) developed & codified by…
1954 Pauling: Nobel Prize in Chemistry for research into chemical bonds & elucidation of structure of complex substances. 1954 Murray performs 1st successful organ (kidney) transplant between twins. 1955 du Vigneaud: Nobel…
1950 Platelet morphology & platelet counting techniques described. 1950 William J. Harrington infuses himself with plasma from a patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) & develops acute thrombocytopenia & petechial bleeding….
1946 Sumner, Northrop & Stanley: Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovery that enzymes can be crystallized & for purification of enzymes & virus proteins. 1946 Gilman & Goodman discover 1st effective cancer chemotherapy drug, nitrogen mustard, after noticing that…
1941 Butt et al publish effect of warfarin on human Prothrombin Time. 1942 Wintrobe’s 1st edition of Clinical Hematology is published becoming the key US hematology textbook. 1942 Ruska describes scanning electron microscope. 1943 Waksman discovers antibiotic streptomycin. 1943/4 Hevesy: Nobel Prize in Chemistry for use of isotope tracers in study of chemical…
1936 Moniz explores prefrontal lobotomy to treat mental diseases. 1937 1st vaccine for typhus. 1937 McCance & Widdsom elucidate absorption & excretion of iron (pictured). 1938 Cerletti & Bini investigate electroconvulsive therapy. 1938 Florey & Chain study penicillin & scale-up to…
1930 Landsteiner: Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for discovery of human blood groups (pictured). 1930 Fischer: Nobel Prize in Chemistry for research into constitution of haemin & chlorophyll including synthesis of haemin. 1931 von Willebrand describes ‘Pseudohaemophilia….
1926 Minot & Murphy make classic report of oral liver as 1st effective treatment for pernicious anaemia. 1926 1st vaccine for pertussis. 1927 1st vaccine for tetanus. 1927 1st vaccine for tuberculosis. 1928 Fleming discovers penicillin. 1929 Berger develops human electroencephalography….
1920 Sprunt & Evans elucidate infectious mononucleosis. 1921 Mellanby describes vitamin D – Rickets link. 1922 Bohr: Nobel Prize in Physics for discovery of isotopes in many non-radioactive elements & for enunciation of the whole-number rule….
1907 Ehrlich publishes discoveries opening way to chemotherapy. 1907 Metchnikoff. Birth of probiotics. 1907 Van Peters Wilson. Individual tissue cells taken from living organisms kept alive in sea water. 1908 Maximov 1st coins term ‘stem cell’. 1908 Ehrlich reports spontaneously developed tumours can be suppressed by…
1900 Planck proposes quantum theory. 1901 Alzheimer identifies ‘presenile dementia’. 1902 Pusey reports 1st use of radiation to treat malignancies. 1903 Einthoven invents 1st practical electrocardiogram. 1903 Osler describes Polycythaemia Vera (pictured). 1905 Einstein publishes theory of Special Relativity. 1906 Hopkins suggests existence of vitamins & concludes they are essential to health. 1906 Bateson coins term ‘genetics’. 1906 French scientists Carnot & Deflandre…
