1941-1945

1941 Butt et al publish effect of warfarin on human Prothrombin Time.

1942 Wintrobe’s 1^st edition of Clinical Hematology is published becoming the key US hematology textbook.

1942 Ruska describes scanning electron microscope.

1943 Waksman discovers antibiotic streptomycin.

1943/4 Hevesy: Nobel Prize in Chemistry for use of isotope tracers in study of chemical processes.

1943 Kolff describes & performs 1^st successful artificial kidney dialysis.

1944 Blalock & Thomas 1^st surgery for ‘blue baby syndrome’ (Tetralogy of Fallot). Vivien Thomas, Blalock’s Black American laboratory researcher was unacknowledged for his inventions & assisting at surgery when “allowed” into the operative theatre. He is awarded an honorary doctorate in 1976.

1945 Fleming, Chain & Florey: Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for discovery of penicillin.

1945 1^st influenza (virus pictured) vaccine. (There is the possibility that a 1919 vaccine developed by CSL in during the Spanish Flu pandemic guided development of this vaccine but they abandoned work as the pandemic ended).